語法梳理：王興剛老師

適合人群：英語教師、英語專業(yè)學(xué)生、初高中生等

我不止一次收到同學(xué)們的這個提問，很顯然這是一個易混知識點。

從專業(yè)的角度來說，同學(xué)們的提問雖然有瑕疵，但是動腦思考本身就值得表揚(yáng)。

同學(xué)們說的被動語態(tài)有be動詞，是這樣的：

English is spoken by lots of people in the world.

同學(xué)們說的被動語態(tài)沒有be動詞，是這樣的：

I love the gift given by my friend Tom.

所以你看，的確是有的被動語態(tài)有be，比如is spoken；而有的被動語態(tài)沒有be，比如given。

以上是對學(xué)生問題的回顧與分析，以下是回復(fù)與解答。

正式解答

直截了當(dāng)點，先說答案：

• 被動語態(tài)必須有be動詞，無論是be動詞的什么時態(tài)，都必須有be。這個是底線和原則，不能動搖。

• 沒有be動詞的不是被動語態(tài)，而是在句子成分中，充當(dāng)被動的邏輯關(guān)系。是被動關(guān)系，而不是被動語態(tài)。常見于后置定語，補(bǔ)語，狀語三種成分中。至于其他的前置定語、表語、賓語等也有表示被動的，但一般不構(gòu)成困惑。

一、先來梳理一下被動語態(tài)

Be done這是經(jīng)典的被動語態(tài)的格式。因為英語中有16種時態(tài)，所以理論上也有16種被動語態(tài)。即：每一種時態(tài)都對應(yīng)著一個主動語態(tài)和一個被動語態(tài)。

看例句：

1．一般現(xiàn)在時的被動語態(tài)（am/ is/ are done）

English is spoken by lots of people in the world. 世界上的許多人都說英語。

2．一般過去時的被動語態(tài)(was/ were done)

My bike was stolen. 我的自行車被偷了。

3．一般將來時的被動語態(tài)(will/ shall be done)

A new road will be built next year. 明年要修一條新馬路。

4．現(xiàn)在進(jìn)行時的被動語態(tài)(am/ is/ are being done)

The machine was being repaired at this time yesterday. 昨天這時，機(jī)器正在被修理。

5．過去進(jìn)行時的被動語態(tài)( was/ were being done)

The machine was being repaired at this time yesterday. 昨天這時，機(jī)器正在被修理。

6．將來進(jìn)行時的被動語態(tài)( will be being done)

The car will be being repaired at this time tomorrow. 明天的這個時候，這輛車將會正在被修理。

7．現(xiàn)在完成時的被動語態(tài)(have/ has been done)

Two hundred trees have been planted by now. 到現(xiàn)在為止，已經(jīng)種了二百棵樹了。

8．過去完成時的被動語態(tài)(had been done)

She found the house had been destroyed by the storm. 她發(fā)現(xiàn)房子已被暴風(fēng)雨摧毀。

9．將來完成時的被動語態(tài)(will have been done)

By the end of this year 1000 books will have been read by me.

其他時態(tài)的例句應(yīng)用的地方很少，就不做舉例了。

10. 含有情態(tài)動詞的被動語態(tài)，舉例如下：

Tables can be made of stone.桌子可由石頭制造。

二、再來梳理一下被動關(guān)系

1、過去分詞短語做后置定語

• The machine invented by the scientists works very well.
• The Great Wall of China built in the Qing Dynasty attracts many visitors every year.
• The keys left in the car belong to the cute boy.
• The trees blown down have blocked the road to the clinic.
• The headmaster showed the students some old maps borrowed from the library.

以上這些例句都是后置定語，其實都是從定語從句轉(zhuǎn)化來的。轉(zhuǎn)化的規(guī)則，如果大家感興趣，可以看這里：

定語從句與非謂語動詞轉(zhuǎn)化

轉(zhuǎn)化條件

定語從句的關(guān)系代詞（不包括關(guān)系副詞），在定語從句中做主語（做賓語不能轉(zhuǎn)化）。

轉(zhuǎn)化步驟

（1）將定語從句中的先行詞去掉

（2）定語從句中的動詞有主動或被動兩種形式。

如果動詞與先行詞是主動關(guān)系，那么把動詞改成doing。Noun that V= Noun doing

如果動詞與先行詞是被動關(guān)系，那么把系動詞去掉，剩done。Noun that V= noun done

轉(zhuǎn)化例句

（1）The machine invented by the scientists works very well.

= The machine which was invented by the scientists works very well.

（2）The Great Wall of China built in the Qing Dynasty attracts many visitors every year.

= The Great Wall of China which was built in the Qing Dynasty attracts many visitors every year.

（3）The keys left in the car belong to the cute boy.

=The keys which were left in the car belong to the cute boy.

（4）The trees blown down have blocked the road to the clinic.

= The trees which were blown down have blocked the road to the clinic.

（5）The headmaster showed the students some old maps borrowed from the library.

= The headmaster showed the students some old maps which were borrowed from the library.

2、過去分詞做補(bǔ)足語

• He saw his face reflected in the water.
• His face was seen reflected in the water.
• With the trees cut down the environment in this area couldn't be worse now.
• Unfortunately the man was found buried in the sand.
• For a start Clarie had to have her luggage checked．

以上例句都是過去分詞作補(bǔ)足語的用法，補(bǔ)足語又分為主語補(bǔ)足語和賓語補(bǔ)足語。英語中大多數(shù)都是賓語補(bǔ)足語，如果能了解和識別賓語補(bǔ)足語，基本就夠了。

3、過去分詞做狀語

• Though trapped in the ruins the girl still wore a smile waiting to be rescued.
• Clearly and thoughtfully written the book inspires confidence in students who wish to seek their own answers.
• Admired for its natural beauty Guilin is regarded as a fairyland of colours.
• Compared with other forms of writing it is shorter and takes less time.
• Given another chance he will do better next time.

以上例句都是過去分詞做狀語，至于具體是什么狀語，需要根據(jù)句義去分析。大部分都是原因狀語、讓步狀語、條件狀語和時間狀語。過去分詞做狀語其實都是由狀語從句轉(zhuǎn)化來的。轉(zhuǎn)化的規(guī)則，如果大家感興趣，可以看這里：

狀語從句與非謂語動詞轉(zhuǎn)化

省略條件

①狀語從句；

②狀語從句的主語與主句的主語是同一個。

省略步驟

將狀語從句的主語去掉。

狀語從句的謂語動詞如果是主動的，則改成doing；如果是被動的，則去掉系動詞，留下done。

可以將狀語從句的連接詞也去掉。

轉(zhuǎn)化例句

（1）Though trapped in the ruins the girl still wore a smile waiting to be rescued.

= Though she was trapped in the ruins the girl still wore a smile waiting to be rescued.

（2）Clearly and thoughtfully written the book inspires confidence in students who wish to seek their own answers.

= Because the book is clearly and thoughtfully written the book inspires confidence in students who wish to seek their own answers.

（3）Admired for its natural beauty Guilin is regarded as a fairyland of colours.

= Because Guilin is admired for its natural beauty Guilin is regarded as a fairyland of colours.

（4）Compared with other forms of writing it is shorter and takes less time.

= When it is compared with other forms of writing it is shorter and takes less time.

（5）Given another chance he will do better next time.

= If he is given another chance he will do better next time.

老師講完了，你是學(xué)會了，還是學(xué)廢了呢？

（完）

作者：王興剛老師（公眾號|頭條號|抖音號：王老師英語教學(xué)），英語教師，從事教學(xué)16年。本號日常推文主要包括：初高中英語知識的梳理和剖析，中高考英語考點的講解與總結(jié)。推文主要面向中高考學(xué)生，每日分享學(xué)生們能夠?qū)崒嵲谠谟玫玫降挠⒄Z知識，特別適合雙減后能夠獨立學(xué)習(xí)的初高中生！